PGDCA
(Post Graduation Diploma in Computer Application)
Fundamentals of computer
Computer :
It is an electronic device, which inputs the data process, stores and gives the information
-> it is invented by Charles Babbage-> It is a fast and accurate electronic and data processing machine capable of performing arithmetic and logical operations -> computer is a Latin word Latin : comp : puter English : calculate : device Data : It is a collection of raw facts. (a-z,0-p & special characters) Process: It refers to an activity that carries out on data to get the information Information: Processed data is called as information Note: Data can exist without information but information cannot exist without data. Computer abbreviation: C- Commonly O-Operating M-Machine P-Particularly U- Used for T - Technical E - Educational R- ResearchFeatures of computer
1)speed: computer process the data at an unimaginable speed. The speed of the computer range up to Nano seconds. 2) Accuracy: Accuracy of the computer is a value high. accuracy of the computer depends on user data 3) Storage: store the data huge amount in a secured way. 4) Diligence : Computer never gets tired. If it works for 24 hours also it works with same speed and gives accurate result 5) Versatility: Computers are versatile machine. They are capable of performing multiple tasks at a time.Disadvantages:
1) lack of common sense 2) depends on human instructions 3) full proof information should be given 4) inability to correct
Block diagram of computer
CU - Control unitMU- Memory UnitALU - Arithmetic logical unitCPU : Central processing unitInput :
- The data that is given to the computer is called as input - The devices which are used to take input are said to be Input devices - Some of the input devices are keyboard, mouse, scanner , joystick, webcam, omr(optical mark recognition), barcode reader and etc. keyboard: - It is the standard input device - It is used to input data into the computer - Generally it contains 101 standard keys. The keys may depending on the manufacturer. Keyboard: f1) Functional keys(F1-F12) 2) General keypad (a-z) 3) Numerical key pad(0-9) 4) Cursor movement keys or arrow keys 5) Navigation keypad( page up, page down, home, end, insert, delete) 6) special keys( Tab, ctrl, shift, windows key, alt, enter and etc. ) Mouse:- It is an input device - a mouse is a small device used to point and select item on your computer screen. - mouse cursor is the movement of the cursor or pointer on display screen - It has 3 buttons ( left, right and scroll) Mouse operations: * Point * Click * Double click * Right click * Drag and drop * up and down moveC.P.U.(Central processing unit):-
It Carrie the task of processing. it can also be called brain of the computer. it has three sub units. a) Control Unit b) Arithmetic logical unit c) Memory Unit a) Control Unit :- It has the data bus to carry the data from one unit to another unit. control unit is also control the all hardware devices b) Arithmetic logical unit :- It is used for calculation part ex: Arithmetic operations :- +,-,*,/,% Logical operations :- and, or, not c) Memory unit: This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to the other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or main memory or primary storage or RAM
Two types of memories: 1) primary memory a) RAM i) SRAM (static RAM) low cost ii) DRAM (Dynamic RAM) high cost b) ROM i) PROM ii) EPROM iii) EEPROM 2) secondary memory a) floppy disk b)Hard disk c) CD d) DVD's 1) primary memory: 1) RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY - it is read and writer memory - it is a volatile memory i.e erasable memory - It does not have necessary commands start the computer 2) READ ONLY MEMORY - We can just read the data present in this memory but we cannot store the data - It is a non- volatile memory i.e., non erasable memory - It has necessary commands to start the computer and configuration particulars of all the peripherals i) PROM( programmable read only memory) - It is programmed after its manufacture once PROM chip has programmed the contents of this memory cannot be altered. ii) EPROM(Erasable programmable read only memory) - It is erased and reprogrammed. The contents of this memory can be erased by passing UV Rays through it. 2) Secondary memory. It is a supporting memory for any computer. The information can be stored permanently in this memory - floppy disk - Hard Disk - CD(Compact Disk) - DVD (Digital versatile disk) - Optical devices 1) floppy disk Floppies were introduced by IBM (international business machines) Sizes - 8inch, 5 1/4 inch, 3 1/2 inch Uses - Moving files from one system to another loading files into the computer Backup data 2) Hard disk 1) Hard disk can store more information than any other disk 2) hard disk pack consists of two or more magnet plates fixed to a spindle one below the other with set of read / write heads 3) It is permanently fixed inside a system 3)CD (compact disk) - It is optical storage device It stores 700 MB data Memory measurements : Computer memory measured in bits and bytes. A bit means a binary digit. It may be 0 and 1. 4 bits = 1 nibble 8 bits = 1 byte 1024 bytes = 1 kilo byte 1024 KB = 1 Mega byte 1024 MB = 1 Giga byte 1024 GB = 1 Terra byte 1024 TB = 1 Peta byte 1024 PB = 1 Exa byte 1024 EB = 1 Zeta byte 1024 ZB = 1 Yeta byte 1024 YB = 1 Brontobyte 1024 Brontobyte = 1 Geop byte (Geop byte is the highest memory)Output devices:
The information that received from the computer is an output. The device which are used to receive output are said to be output devices. Some of the output devices are Monitor, Printer, Speaker and Plotter. - Monitor is the standard output device Monitor:- It is an output device used to display information - It is also called output screen, CRT( cathode ray tube) VDU( visual display unit) Monitor is two types: a) monochrome monitor:- It will not display all colors(B&W) b) Color monitor:- It will display all colors Softcopy: If we display information on the monitor is called as soft copy. Hard copy: If we display information on the paper is called as hard copy. Printers: - Printers are used for produce hard copy - Printers are classified according to print quality and printing speed Types of printers a) impact printers 1) DOT matrix printer 2) daisy wheel printer 3) Line printer b) Non - impact printer 1) Laser printer a) Impact printers :- These printers use electro mechanical mechanism where hammer strikes paper through an inked ribbon 1) Dot matrix printers : They print 30-1550 characters per second 2) Daisy wheel printers: They print 30-75 characters per second 3) Line printers:- They print 300-1500 lines per minute b) Non-impact printers:- Laser printers:- These printers use electrical signals or chemicals to print the document. - These printers are page printers and produce good quality of output - These printers print 200 pages per minute
Plotters :- Plotters are used to produce output containing graphics and diagrams. With the availability of multi color plotter they have increasingly used to produce financial documents, annual reports and engineering drawings.Generations of computer:
The development of computers can be classified into five generations 1) first generation computer: Period: 1945-1956 Main processing device: vacuum tubes Storage media: punched cards Advantages:- It was only the electronic device store the data Disadvantages:- - Too bulky, large in size - they were producing high heat - vacuum tubes were burning - consumed more power - maintenance more problem - Slow in operations 2) Second generation computer: Period: 1956-1963 Main processing device:- Transistors Storage media: Magnetic disks Advantages: size reduced they were fast Disadvantages:- Less memory, maintenance problem 3) Third generation computer: Period: 1963-1971 Main processing device: IC(integrated circuit) Storage media:- Floppy disk Advantages:- - IC's were very small in size - speed increased - Production cost is cheap Disadvantages: ICs are complicated Fourth generation computers Period:- 1971-1984 Main processing unit: IC with VLSI(very large scale integration) Storage media: Hard disks, CD's Advantages: - They were compact - Less power consumption - Production cost is cheap Disadvantages: No artificial intelligence Fifth generation computer: Period: 1984- present Main processing unit: IC with ULSI (Ultra large scale integration) Storage media: DVD's, pen drive Advantages: AI(artificial intelligence), functioning like expert system.Classifications of computer:
Based on hardware design 1) Analog computer : - Analog computers follow the principle used in measuring - Analog computers are used to measure physical unit such as voltage, pressure, temperature and etc. - Analog computers are used in scientific and engineering areas 2) Digital computers : - Counting is the main principle used in digital computers - Digital computers operate on numbers consisting of 0's and 1's - Digital computers are mainly used in business 3) Hybrid computers: - Hybrid computers combine analog and digital capabilities Based on utility 1) General purpose computers These computers perform variety of tasks from financial accounting to mathematical calculations from designing textile prints to controlling machines 2) Special purpose computers - These computers are used to perform specific functions. In such devices the instructions are permanently pre programmed some of the special purpose computers are aircraft control system, electronic voting system Based on size and capacity 1) Mainframe computers - These computers are the largest computers in usage. Mainframe computers are used in organization that require data exchange among several users. -Mainframe computers have some sharable resource the data from the mainframe server is distributed to several dummy terminals. 2) Micro computers - A Micro Computer is a small and cheap digital computer that is designed to be used by individuals. It is built around a microprocessor, a storage unit and an I/O channel. example PC's, Workstations and notebook computers. 3) Mini computers - These computers lies in between mainframe computers and Personal computers and built with an integrated chip called as micro processors. Today's personal computers come under this category Laptops: - These computers are small in size - Laptops can work with plug in current or with special batteries. 4) Super computers - Super computers are used to perform complex applications in scientific and engineering areas. Super computer have a large memory capacity and high speed of processing. super computers are mainly used in weather forecasting, research and engineering applications.Software:
It is a set of programs which makes to function the computer Program: It is a set of instructions given in a sequential order to solve a given problem. Hardware: Physical components of the computer can be called as hardware. Software types: 1) System software: The software which is applicable to a system or hardware is called system software. Eg: Operating system, device drivers, compiler, interpreter i) operating system: It is set of programs which controls all the activities of the computer and the user Eg: OS's: MS - Dos, Linux, Unix, mac, windows ii) Device drivers: Allows the device to communicate with the system. 2) Application software: The software which is applicable to a particular application is called as application software. Eg : Bank software, library management Software, reservation software, hotel management software. ASCII- American standard code for information interchange 128 ascii charactersLanguage:
It is a mean used by the program to interact with the system which consists of set of codes and symbols
Machine language:
The language which uses binary codes o's and 1's is called machine language. it is machine dependent
Assembly language:
The language which used english like abbreviations to write a program is called assembly language.
High level language:
The language which used english words to write a program
List of some high level languages:
GW basic (Graphic word beginners all purpose symbolic instruction code)
Q basic (Quick beginners all purpose symbolic instruction code)Fortran ( Formula Translation)
COBOL(Common business oriented language)
LOGO(logic oriented graphic organization)
Pascal and etc.
Package: It is a set of programs with ready made functions and facilities to work with the computer
List of some package:
MS-Word
MS-Excel
MS-PowerPoint
Language translators:
1) Interpreter:- It converts high level language program to machine language statement by statement.
2) Compiler:- It converts high level language program into machine language whole at a time.
3) Assembler: It converts assembly language program to machine language
Note: Every language has its own interpreter or compiler.
Topic 2:Windows:
Introduced by micro soft corporation
It is an operating system
MS- DOS:
1) It is a 16-bit operating system
2) It provided CUI(character user interface)
3) It is a single user, single tasking operating system
4) It uses keyboard as input device
5) It uses command based approach
6) Hard to learn
7) It does not support plug and play technology
DOS based softwares
1) C 2) C++ 3) Pascal 4) Cobal
5) Word star 6) Dbase 7) Lotus 1-2-3
Windows:
1) it is a 32-bit operating system
2) It provides GUI(graphical user interface)
3) It is multi user & multi tasking operating system
4) It uses keyboard& mouse as input device
5) It uses menu based approach
6) Easy to learn
7) It supports plug & play technology.
Windows based softwares
1) MS-Word 2) MS-Excel 3) MS-PowerPoint
4) PageMaker 5) Photoshop 6) Oracle
7) VB
Windows versions
windows 1.0
windows 2.0
windows 3.0
windows 3.1
" 3.11
" 95
" 98
" 2000
" me
" xp
" vista
" 7
" 8
" 8.1
" 10 (latest version)
Mouse : It is an input device. It has 2 button and 1 scroll wheel on the top and is connecting to the computer through a cable or wireless.
Mouse operations:
1) click: press and release the left button of mouse
2) Double click: Click the mouse left button twice rapidly
3) Drag and drop: Hold on left mouse button while you pointer on the screen rests on the item of choice
4) Right click: Press and release the right button of the mouse
Interfacing control elements:
1) Desktop
2) Taskbar
3) Start button
4) Icons
5) Window control buttons
6) Menus
7) Dialog boxes
1) Desktop: The intial screen appeared to you on the system is called as desktop
1) How to change Desktop background
2) How to change screen saver
3) How to add or remove desktop common icons
4) View
5) Sort by
6) Auto arrange icon grid
7) aligns to icon grid
8) File and folder selection
9) Gadgets
Icons: Graphical representation of an item is called as icons
How to change folder icon:
steps
- Press ctrl + shift +n (or) Right click on the desktop - select new option - select new folder
- Type any name Press enter
- Select the folder which you want change folder icon
- Right click on it
- Click on properties
- Click on customize tab
- Click on change icon
- Select any one
- Click on ok
- Click on apply or ok
- TASKBAR: The bar which is present on bottom of the desktop is called as taskbar
-Taskbar properties
1) Lock or unlock the taskbar
2) Auto hide the taskbar properties
3) The taskbar location on screen
4) Pin to taskbar
Steps for pin to taskbar
- Click on start button
- Click on program
- Click on micro soft office
- Right click on MS power point
- Click on pin to taskbar
- Start menu properties
1) How to change power button action
2) Pin to start menu
Steps : pin to start menu
- Click on start button
- Click on properties
- Click on MS - office
- Right click on MS PowerPoint (or) any program
- Click on pin to start menu
System tray or notification area
The tray which is present on the right hand side of the taskbar is called as system tray.
1) How to change date & Time settings
2) Shows desktop (Window +D)
Start button:
The button which is present on the left hand side of the taskbar is called as start button.
Start menu:
1) Programs
2) Documents
3) Pictures
4) Music
5) Games
6) Computer
7) Devices and printers
8) Help and support
9) search box(Windows key + F)
10) Power button
* Window control buttons
1) Close - Alt+ Space + c or Alt + F4
2) Maximize - Alt + Space +x
3) Minimize - Alt + Space + n
4) Restore - Alt+ Space + r
5) Size - Alt + Space + s
6) Move - Alt+ Space + m
7) To open minimize window(alt + tab)
8) Minimizing all windows at time (windows + d)
Window:
Whenever you open a program file, folder appears on your screen in a box or frame called as a "window"
A window can moved, resized, minimized, restored or closed
File window
Structure of a file window:
1) Title bar
2) Window control buttons
3) Menu bar
4) Status bar
5) Horizontal scroll bar
6) Vertical scroll bar
Structure of a folder window:
1) Caption buttons(Forward & backward)
2) Address bar
3) Search box
4) Menu bar
5) Tool bar
6) Headings
7) View
8) Show /hide preview page
9) File list(or) control pane
10) details pane
11) Navigation pane
12) status bar
13) Horizontal scroll bar
14) Vertical scroll bar
- To open minimize window(Alt + tab)
Minimized window will be opened
- Minimized all windows at a time( Windows key + D or Windows key + m)
Menu
List of items is called as menu. There are two types of menus
1) popup menu
2) Pop Down menu
1) Popup menu
When you press right click any where a menu is displayed that menu is called as popup menu
2) Pop down menu
When you left click on a list which is already present, a menu is displayed, it is called as pop down menu
Dialogue boxes:
Dialog boxes are special purpose windows that appears to convey messages to the user. Those messages are generally details of steps to be taken net or list of options to be selected most of the dialog boxes do not allow you to work with other windows then they are active.
Windows accessories:
Windows accessories are mini applications
Windows accessories are sometimes called as "applets"
1) Calculator
2) snipping tool
3) Command prompt
4) System information
5) Windows explorer (Windows key +e)
6) MS paint
7) Notepad
8) WordPad
9) Run(Windows key + r)
Run: It is used to open an application file, folder and websites
Application File name to be type
in the run dialog box
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Notepad notepad
WordPad wordpad
Calculator calc
MS-paint mspaint
MS-word winword
MS-excel excel
MS PowerPoint powerpnt
MS-Access msaccess
Website www.google.com
Executable files
A executable file is a type of computer file that runs a program when it is opened. This means it executes code or a series or instructions contained in the file
Application Executable files
Notepad notepad.exe
Wordpad wordpad.exe
Calculator calc.exe
Ms-paint mspaint.exe
MS-word winword.exe
MS-excel excel.exe
Ms-powerpoint powerpnt.exe
Ms-Access msaccess.exe
How to create shortcut on desktop
Step 1:
-Right click on desktop
-Select new
- Click on shortcut
- Type notepad.exe
- Click on next
- Click on finish
file: It contains a collection of some information
Folder: It contains files and sub-folders
Sub-folders: A folder with in another folder is called as a sub-folder
File can be created on:
1)Desktop
2) my documents
3) Drive( c:, d:,e:)
4) Existing folder
Create a file :
- Right click
- A popup menu will be displayed
- Select new
- Click on text document
- Type the name of the file and press enter
Folder
creating a folder in an existing folder or sub folder
- Open an existing folder in which you want to create a folder
- Right click on it - select new - click on folder
-Type the name of the folder - press enter
Copying files:
- Select the file of folders which you want to copy
- right click on it
-Click on copy (ctrl +c)
- Select the location where you want to copying the file or folder
- Right click on it and click on paste (Ctrl + v)
Moving files:
- Select the file or folders which you want to move
- Right click on it
- Click on cut ( ctrl +x)
- Select the location where you want to moving the file or folder
- Right click on it and click on paste(ctrl+v)
How to rename a file or folder: (F2)
- Select file or folder
- Right click on it
- click on rename
- Type another name - press enter
How to hide a file:
- Select a file
- Right click on it
- Click on properties
- Select hidden checkbox
- Click on apply, click on ok
How to hide a folder & file
- Select a folder
- Right click on it
- Click on properties
- select hidden checkbox
- Click on apply
- Select apply changes to this folder only radial button
- Click on ok, again click on ok
To view hidden a file or folder:
- Click on startbutton
- Click on control panel
- Click on view by button - Click on large icons
- Click on file expolrer option - Click on view tab
- Select show hidden files, folders radial button
- Click on apply, click on ok
How to unhide a file/folder:
- Select hidden file - Right click on it
- Click on properties - Deselect hidden checkbox
- Click on ok
How to delete a file or folder:
- Select a file or folder
- Right click on it - Click on delete - click on yes
How to restore delete file or folder:
- Open recycle bin - Select you want restore a file or folder
- Right click on it
- Click on restore
- Click on yes
How to delete a file or folder permenently:(Shift + Del)
- open recycle bin - select a file or folder you want delete permenently
- right click on it
- Click on delete - click on yes
Recycle bin:
- The place in which windows stores deleted files and folders
- Recycle bin is a part of deletion protection of system of windows operating system
- It is a just like dustbin
- It also occupied hard disk space
- It cannot be deleted and renamed
Empty recyclebin:
- Right click on recycle bin
- Click on empty recycle bin
- Click on yes
File properties:
- Select the file - Right click on it
- Click on properties
* Type of file
* Open with
* Location
* Size
* Size on disk
* Created
File extensions File types
.AVI Multi media audio video
.bat PC BATCH File
.docx MS-word
.xlsx MS-Excel
.pptx MS-powerpoint
.exe PC-Application
.gif Graphics interchange format
.html webpage source text
(Hypertext markup language)
.jpeg image file
(joint photographic expert group)
.pdf Acrobat file(portable document format)
.txt ASCII Text
.rtf Rich text format
.zip PC zip compressed archive
Folder properties:
- Select the folder
- Right click on it
- Click on properties
* Type
* Location
* Size
* Size on disk
* contains
* Created
Viewing the system information ( My computer properties)
- Select the my computer - Right click on it
- click on properties
Viewing the details of C: or D: or E: drive
- To open my computer (or ) windows key + e
- Select the c : or d: or e: drive
- Right click on it
- Click on properties
Changing the lable of c drive (D, E)
- To open my computer ( Windows key +e)
- Select any drive( c: or d: or e:)
- Right click on it - Click on properties
- Type any name - Click on apply
- Click on continue - Click ok
- Click on continue
Windows explorer:
- Windows explorer displays the hierarchical structure of files, folders and drives on your computer.
- It also shows any network drives that have been mapped to drive letters on your computer
- Using windows explorer, you can copy, move rename and search for file and folders for Example you can open a folder that contains a file you want to copy or move and then drag the file to another folder or drive.
Opening windows explorer
- click on start button
- Type windows explorer
- Press enter.
Control panel:
1) Date & Time 2) Desktop gadgets
3) Devices and printers 4) Display
5) Folder options 6) Fonts
7) Keyboard 8) Mouse
9) Personalization 10) System
11) Taskbar and start menu( properties)
Opening control panel
- click on start button
- Click on control panel
- Click on view by button - Select large icons
MS-PAINT:
It is used for draw pictures and drawings
- extension of ms-paint is .bmp
How to open ms-paint:
- Click on start button
- Click on programs
- Click on accessories
- Click on paint
Step 2:
- Press windows key + r
- Type mspaint
- click on ok
Notepad: - It is used to edit, save and print the files. it is to edit small files
- Size of about 64 kb long. It is mainly used to save emails, contact numbers, addresses and etc.
- Extension for notepad is ' .txt '
How to open notepad
- Click on start button
- Click on programs
- click on accessories
- Click on notepad
Step 2: Press windows key + r
- Type notepad - click on ok
File menu
1) New : Create a new text file
2) Open : open the already save or existed files
3) Save: Save the current text file
4) Save as: Save with new name already saved text files.
5) Page setup: Set the size, margins and orientation of page
6) Print: Print the text file
7) Exit: Close the notepad
Edit Menu:
1) Undo: Back to the last action(change size or font and etc.).
2) Cut: Cut the selected text for move to the another place
3) Copy: Copy the selected text for copy to the another place
4) Paste: Paste the cut or copy text
5) Del: Delete the selected text or right side text of cursor
6) Find: Search the any character or word in current text file.
7) Replace : Change one word to another word.
8) Select all: Select the total text in current text file
9) Time & Date: Insert the date & Time
Format menu
1) word wrap
2) font
- font size
- font style
Wordpad:
- It is used to save, edit and print the files which are longer size
- We can apply different fonts, size to the selected text
- extension for wordpad '.rtf"
How to open wordpad:
- Click on start button
- Click on programs
- Click on accessories
- Click on wordpad
step 2
- press windows key+r
- Type wordpad - click on ok
Home tab:
1) clip board:
- copy - ctrl + c
- cut - ctrl +x
- paste - ctrl +v
2) Font group:
- Font
- Font size
- Font style:
- Bold - Italic - underline
3) Bullets
4) Alignments
- Left - Center - Right - Justify
5 ) Font color
6) Text highlight color
Editing group
1) Find ctrl + F
2) Replace ctrl+H
3) Select all ctrl+A
MS-DOS
It stands for microsoft - Disk operating system
It is a 16-bit operating system, single user and single tasking operating system
It provides character user interface i.e CUI
The first version of MS-Dos has written based on QDOS
QDOS stands for Quick Dirty Operating system
QDOS developed by Tim Paterson
MS-Dos Versions
1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0,5.0, 6.0, 6.20,6.22
File structure:
File: It is a collections of related information
File can be stored on a disk by giving a unique name for each file called file name.
File name has two parts
1) primary name
2) Secondary name(or) Extension
File name example : SSSS.txt
Primary name: It is the name given by the user and it can be from 1-8 characters long it can be given in both upper case and lower case letters
Secondary name or extension: It tells the type of file name i.e executable file, command file . It is maximum of 3 characters long
Note: primary name and extension is separted by Dot(.)
File extensions :
.exe - Executable file
.com - Command file
.bat - Batch file
.Txt - text file
Entering into Dos or Command mode:
Start - Run(windows key +r) - cmd or command- ok
Two types of commands
1) internal commands:
The commands which are present in command.com file are called as internal commands.
or
The commands which are loaded into the computer memory at the time of booting are called as internal commands.
Ex: Date, Time, Cls, Vol, Copy con, Dir and etc
2) External commands:
The commands which are not loaded into the computer memory at the time of booting are called as External commands
Ex: Label, attrib, Find, tree, chkdsk etc.
File creation:
1) Copy con command :
It is used for create the file in command prompt
Syntax : - C:\> copy con ajay(file name)
---------------------------
---------------------------
----------------------------- F6 Press enter
1 File(s) copied
2) Type command :
It is used for open the file
Syntax : - C:\> type ajay (file name)
---------------------
---------------------
---------------------
3) ren command
It is used for change the name of file
Syntax : - C:\> ren ajay (old file name) computer(new file name)
C:\>
4) Del command
It is used for delete the file
Syntax : - C:\ del computer(file name)
C:\>
Folder:
Folder or directory creation
1) MD(Make Directory)
It is used for create the new directory (folder)
Syntax: C:\users\ajay\desktop> md yyy(folder name)
C:\users\ajay\desktop>
2) CD (Change Directory)
It is used for open the directory
Syntax: C:\users\ajay\desktop> cd yyy(folder name)
C:\users\ajay\desktop\yyy>
3) RD (Remove Directory)
It is used for delete the directory
Syntax: C:\users\ajay\desktop>rd yyy(folder name)
cd.. (out from the directory)
cd\ (out from the all directories directly go to drive)
dir- Show the all directories and files
MS-Office:
- MS-Office is an office tool developed by Micro Soft-Corporation
- In this tool kit we can creating document like letters, resume, letter head, statement, workbook, presentation
- There are several version released in ms-office
Versions
MS-Office - 2.0,3.0,4.0,4.3, 9.5,97,2000,2000+p,2003, 2007,2010,2013,2016,2020
Microsoft is also standard
Following applications
1) MS-Word - Document - .docx
2) MS-Excel - Workbook - .xlsx
3) MS-Powerpoint - Presentation- .pptx
SDI- Single document Interface
Ex:- Ms-paint, Notepad, wordpad
MDI - Multiple document interface
Ex:- MS-Word, Excel, Powerpoint
MS-Word.
MS-Word is a word processing software we create and edit profication looking as paper, letter report and booklet by using ms-word
MS-Micro Soft
How to open MS-Word
1) Start - run(windows key +R) - type winword - ok
2) Start - all programs - MS-office - click on microsoft office word 2007
3) Start - type winword - press enter
Office button:-
- New: Create the new document (ctrl+n)
- Open: Open the saved documents (ctrl+o)
- Save: Save the current document (ctrl+s)
- Save as: Save with another name with edit, already saved file (F12)
- Print : Print the current document (ctrl+p)
- Print preview: Show the document how to print for make changes or edit (alt+f+w+v)
- close: Close the current document (ctrl +w)
Home tab:-
1) Clip board: -
a) cut (Ctrl + x) : - cut the selected text for moving
b) copy ( Ctrl +C): - copy the selected text for duplicate that.
c) Paste( Ctrl+V):- Paste the cut or copy text for moving or copying.
2) Font : -
a) Bold(Ctrl +b) :- Thickness of the selected text
b) Italic(Ctrl + i) :- Italicize the selected text
c) Underline(Ctrl +U) :- Underline the selected text
d) Font style: - Change the font of selected text
e) Font size :- Change the size of selected text
f) strikethrough :- Draw a line through middle of text. Ex: abc
g) Subscript :- Create small letters below of text
Ex: H₂O
h) Superscript : - Create small letters above of text Ex: a² + b²
i) Change case:- Change the upper case, lower case, sentence case, toggle case, Capitalize each word of selected text.
Upper case - AJAY
Lower case - ajay
Sentence case - Ajay
Capitalize each word- Ajay Computers
Toggle Case - aJAY
j) Text highlight color: - Highlight the selected text with any color.
k) Font color :- Change the selected text color
3) Paragraph : -
a) Bullets and Numbering : - Set the bullets and numbering for selected text.
Ex : - Bullets: - DCA
- PGDCA
- DTP
- C language
- JAVA
Numbering: - DCA
- PGDCA
- DTP
- C language
- JAVA
- PGDCA
- FOC
- WINDOWS
- MS OFFICE
- WORD
- EXCEL
- POWERPOINT
c) Sort: Ascending order or descending order for selected text or numbers
d) Alignments :- It is used for starting point of cursor.
1) Left Alignment (Ctrl+L)
2) Right Alignment (Ctrl+R)
3) Center Alignment (Ctrl+E)
4) Justify ( Ctrl +J)
e) Line Spacing :- It is used for spaces between lines in paragraph or selected text.
f) Theme color: - set the color for background of selected text.
g) Borders ;- Set the border for selected text or total page
i) Borders : - Only for selected text
ii) Page borders : - set the total page
ii) Shading : - background color of text (paragraph)
4) Editing
a) Find (ctrl+F) :- Search any word or numbers in current document
b) Replace (Ctrl+H) :- Replace any word from one word to another word in current document
c) Goto (Ctrl +G) :- Direct go to any page or any section or any bookmark in current document.
INSERT TAB
1) PAGES:
a. Cover page: Insert fully-formatted cover page
b. Blank page: Insert new blank page at cursor position
c. Page break : Start the next page at the current position
2) Tables:
a. Tables : Insert of draw a table in current document.
i. Insert table : Insert the table user selected rows and columns
ii. Draw table : Draw the table in current document
3) Illustrations:
a. Picture: Insert the picture from a file
b. Clip art: insert clip arts into the documents
c. Shapes: Insert the readymade shapes
d. Smart art: Insert smart graphic to visually communication
information
e. Chart: Insert any type of chart in current document and
edit the chart.
4) Links:
a. Hyperlink: Create a link to a webpage or file or a picture
or email address
b. Bookmark: Create a bookmark for assign a specific point
in current document
5) Header and footer:
a. Header: Edit the header of the document i.e. Top of the
page.
b. Footer: Edit the footer of the document i.e. Bottom of the
page.
c. Page number: Insert the page number top of the page,
bottom of the page at left or right or center in current
document
6) Text:
a. Text box: Insert the text box in current document that
means write the text in box.
b. Drop Cap: Create a large capital letter at beginning of the
document
Ex:
c. Signature line: Insert the signature line that specifies the
individual who must sign that place in document.
d. Date & Time: Insert the date & time selected format
EX: 2/3/2024
2/3/2024
e. Object: Insert an embedded object from another
program.
Ex: Microsoft equation 3.0(For write the equations),
Bitmap image (Ms-paint)
7) Symbols:
a. Equations: Insert the equations and edit the equations,
select the symbols for equations and Build up own
equations.
b. Symbol: Insert the any type of symbol that are not in your
keyboard such as copyright symbols, trademark symbols,
Paragraph marks and etc.
PAGE LAYOUT TAB:
1. Themes : Change the overall design of the current document,
including colors, fonts and effects
2. Page setup: -
a. Margins: - Change the margin sizes of current document.
Margins are top, bottom, left and right.
Default Margin size: Top, bottom, left and right - 1
b. Orientation:- Switch the pages between portrait and landscape.
c. Size: - Select the page sizes i.e. A4 (or) Legal (or) A3 and etc.
d. Columns: - Select the columns for text in current document.
e. Line numbers : - Show the line numbers margin left side along
with the document.
Continues – continue every page line numbers
Restart Each page – Each page start from first line
f. Hyphenation :- It allows word to break lines between the
syllables of words.
3. Page background :-
a. Watermark:- insert the ghosted text(watermark) behind the
text.
b. Page color : -Set the color for current document all pages.
c. Page borders : - Set the borders or art borders for page of
current document.
4. Paragraph : -
a. Indents : - Move the left or right side paragraph certain amount
value.
b. Spacing:- Change the spacing of paragraph before or after using
points
5. Arrange: -
a. Position:- Position of the selected object in the page.
b. Bring to front:- Bring the selected object in front of all objects
i. Bring forward:- Bring the selected object in front step
by step.
c. Send to back : - Send the selected object back of all objects
i. Send backward: - Send the selected object to back step
by step
d. Text wrapping : - Change the way text wraps around selected
object
Ex: - Square, tight, in front of text, behind text and etc.
e. Align :- align the edges of multiple selected objects
Left, right , center, top, bottom, middle
f. Group : Group the selected objects for moving or copying.
i. Ungroup:- ungroup the group objects.
g. Rotate : - Rotate the selected object.
Rotate left 90 0 , Rotate right 90 0 , flip vertical, flip horizontal.
References tab
1. Table of contents
a. Table of contents : - Add a table of contents in the current
document
b. Add text : - Add the current paragraphs as entity in the table of
contents using levels.
c. Update table :- Update the table of contents so that all the
entities refer to the current paragraph.
2. Foot notes : -
a. Insert footnote : - Add a footnote in current document
3. Citations & Bibliography :-
a. Insert citations : - Enter the details of journal or book writer
details also publishers, year and etc. details.
b. Bibliography :- Insert the list of cited bibliography i.e. book
author, publisher, year and etc. details
4. Captions : -
a. Insert Caption : - Insert the caption for figure or table or
equations
b. Insert table of figures : - Insert a table of figures into the
document.
Mailings tab
- Start mail merge
- Select step by step mail merge wizard
- Open mail merge task pane on right side of window
- Select letters
- Select next : Starting document
- Select next: Select recipients
- Select type a new list
- Select create option
- Select customize columns edit headings of sender
details
Ex: Name, father name, mobile, address, pin
- Select ok
- Save with any name
- Select Next: Write your letter
- Select Next: Preview your letters
- Select insert merge field
- Insert all fields into the document.
- Next: Complete the merge
- Select edit individual letters
- Select all and ok
Review tab:
1. Proofing :-
a. Spelling & grammar : - It is used for check the spelling and
grammar of text in current document.
b. Research :- It is used for full information of any word from
encyclopedia, dictionary and etc.
c. Thesaurus:- Suggest similar words for same meaning of the
word you have selected.
d. Translate: - convert one language to another language.
e. Set language :- Set any language for current document
f. Word count :- Find out the number of words, paragraphs,
characters (without space), characters (with space) and
lines.
2. Comments: -
a. New comment : - Add a comment about a selection.
b. Delete :- Delete a comment of selection.
3. Tracking :-
a. Track changes :- Track all changes in current document
after select this.
4. Compare : -
a. Compare:- Compare any two documents for what is the
difference between of two documents.
b. Combine :- Combine the any two documents.
5. Protect:-
a. Protect document :- Protect the current document using
password.
i. Track changes
ii.Comments
iii. Filling in forms
View tab:-
1. Document views : -
a. Print layout :- View the document as it will appear on the
printed page
b. Full screen reading :- View the document in full screen
reading.
c. Web layout : - View the document as it would look as a
web page
2. Show / hide: -
a. Ruler :- Show / hide the ruler.
b. Gridlines :- Show / hide the gridlines background of page.
c. Thumbnails :- Show / hide the thumbnails pane.
3. Zoom : -
a. Zoom :- It is used for zoom in/ zoom out
b. 100 % :- It is used for set the 100 % zoom size
c. One Page : - It is used for zoom the document show one
page in document.
d. Two pages : - It is used for zoom the document show two
pages in document
e. Page width : - It is used for Show the one page fit width
side.
4. Window: -
a. New window : - open a new window containing a view of
the current document.
b. Arrange all :- Tile all open program windows side by side
on the screen.
c. Split : - Split the current window into parts so that you
can view different sections of the document at the same
time.
d. View side by side : - View two documents side by side so
that you can compare their contents.
e. Switch widows: - switch to different currently open
programs.
5. Macros:-
a. View macros : - View the list of macros, from which you
can run, insert or delete.
b. Record macro :- Start of stop recording a macro.
Excel:It is a powerful spreadsheet package for organizing, analyzing and presenting the data.
Package: It is a software towards predefined task
Spreadsheet : It is a set of rows and columns
The excel sheet is also called as spread sheet.
Cell: Intersection of row and column is called cell.
Name box: Each cell has unique address (A1, C13, D14…..) we can see name box.
MS-Excel 2003 :
Rows -> 65536
Columns -> 256
MS-Excel 2007 :
Rows ->1048576
Columns -> 16384
How to open:
1) Start - >All programs -> MS-Office -> Ms excel 2007
2) Run(Windows key + R) -> Type Excel -> Ok
3) Start -> Type excel -> Select excel application
Office button:
New: Create the new work book
Open: Open the saved work book
Save: Save the current workbook
Save as: Save with another name with edit, already
saved file
Print: Print the current sheet.
Print preview: Show the workbook how to print for make
changes or edit.
Close: Close the current workbook.
1.
Home
tab:
a.
Clip
board : -
i.
Cut :-
cut the selected cells
ii.
Copy
:- Copy the selected cells
iii.
Paste
:- Paste the cut or copy cells
b.
Font
:-
i.
Borders
: - Set the border for selected cells
c.
Alignments
:-
i.
Vertical
alignments :- Set the alignments vertical wise
Ex :- top,
middle, bottom
ii.
Horizontal
:- Set the alignments horizontal wise
Ex :- Left,
Centre, right
iii.
Orientation
:- Change the text direction
iv.
Wrap
text :- It is used for visible with in a cell by multiple lines.
Ex:-
v.
Merge
& centre :- Join the selected cells in one long cell
Ex : -
d.
Number
:-
i.
Number
format :- Choose how the values in cell are displayed
Ex: General,
Number, time, date, percentage & etc.
e.
Styles
:-
i.
Conditional
formatting :- Highlight interesting cells , visualized cells in data bars,
color scales, traffic rules symbols and etc.
ii.
Format
as table : - Quickly format a range of cells convert into a table by choosing pre-defined styles.
iii.
Cell
styles :- Select the cell style that is
good or bad or neutral using colors and etc. styles.
f.
Cells
:-
i.
Insert
:- Insert the cells or rows or columns or sheet
Cell insert:
- Shift cells down or shift cells right
ii.
Delete
:- Delete the cells or rows or columns or sheet.
Cell Delete
:- Shift cells up or shift cells left
iii.
Format
: - Change the row height, column width, organize sheets or hide unhide and protect
sheets
g.
Editing
:-
i.
Auto
sum :- Display the sum of selected cells directly after the selected cells.
ii.
Fill
:- Continue a pattern into one or more adjacent values.
Fill up,
fill down, fill right, fill left , series
1.
Series
:- insert the serial numbers 1 to n using step value (starting value) and stop
value(last value)
iii.
Clear
:- clear all format for selected cells
iv.
Sort
:- It is used for set the ascending order or descending order selected cells.
v.
Find
:- Search the any word in sheet
vi.
Replace:
- Replace the information one to another.
Insert tab :-
1).
Tables
:-
a)
Pivot
table :- summarize data using a pivot table. It is easy to arrange summarize
and complicated data and drill down on details.
2).
Illustrations
:-
a)
Picture
:- Insert any picture from file.
b)Clip art :- Insert clip arts into the
document, including drawings, movies, sounds and etc.
c)
Shapes
:- Insert readymade shapes such as rectangle, ellipse and etc.
d)Smart art :- Insert smart art graphically
to visualize communicate information.
3).
Charts:-
Insert the charts for selected data.
4).
Links
:-
a)
Hyperlink:-
Create link to another file, webpage, picture or email address.
5).
Text
:-
a)
Textbox
:- Insert a textbox for write the text in box
b)Header & footer :- Header is top of the
page and Footer is bottom of the page
c)
Signature
line :- insert the signature line that specifies the individual who must sign
d)Object :- Insert an embedded object that
means work with another application.
e)
Symbol
:- Insert characters that are not on your keyboard.
Page
layout :-
1.
Themes
: - Change the overall design of the current document, including colors, fonts
and effects
2.
Page
setup :-
a.
Margins
: Change the margin sizes of document.
Margins are top, bottom, left and right
Default margin size: Top, bottom -0.75 & 0.75
left and right – 0.7 & 0.7
Header and footer – 0.3 & 0.3
b.
Orientation
:- Switch the pages between portrait and landscape.
c.
Size
:- Select the page sizes i.e. A4 (or) Legal (or) A3
d.
Print
area :-
i.
Set
print area :- Select the cells that you want to define as the print area.
ii.
Clear
print area :- click anywhere on the worksheet for which you want to clear the
print area.
e.
Breaks
:- This option is used to break the page at required position.
f.
Background
:- set the background of cells
g.
Print
titles :- select how to print.
h.
Scale
to fit :- Stretch of shrink the printed output to a percentage of its actual size.
i.
Sheet
options :-
i.
Gridlines
:-
1.
View:- show (or) hide the gridlines
2.
Print
:- Print the lines between rows and columns .
ii.
Headings:-
1.
View:-
Show (or) hide the headings.
2.
Print
:- print the row and column headings
j.
Arrange
:-
a. Bring to front:-
Bring the selected object in front of all objects
i.
Bring forward:- Bring the selected object in front
step by step.
b. Send to back : -
Send the selected object back of all objects
i.
Send backward: - Send the selected object to back
step by step
c. Align:- Align the
any object
Ex:- Left , centre, right , middle, top, bottom.
d. Group :- Group
the selected multiple objects
i.
Ungroup :- Break the set of grouped objects.
ii.
Regroup :- Group the objects for ungrouped objects.
e. Rotate:- Rotate
the objects.
Rotate Right 900, Rotate left 900,
Rotate horizontal, Rotate vertical.
Formulas
1. Function library
:-
a. Insert function
:- Edit the formula in current cell by choosing functions.
Ex: - sum(), average ()
b. Auto sum :-
Display the sum of selected cells directly after the selected cells.
2. Formula Auditing
:-
a. Trace precedents
:- Show the arrows that indicates what cells affect the value of the currently
selected cells.
b. Trace dependents
:- Show the arrows that indicates what cells are affected by the value of the
currently selected cell.
c. Remove arrows : -
remove arrows drawn by trace precedents or dependents.
d. Show formulas :-
Display the formula in each cell instead of resulting value.
e. Error checking :-
Check the common errors in formulas
f. Evaluate formula
:- Launch the evaluate formula dialogue box
to debug a formula.
3. Calculations :-
a. Calculation
options :- specify when formulas are calculated.
b. Calculate now :-
calculate entire workbook now.
c. Calculate sheet
:- calculate entire worksheet now.
Data
tab :-
1. Sort & filter
:-
a. Sort :- It is
used to set ascending order or descending order of selected cells.
b. Filter :- It is
used to choose the filter for column.
2. Data tools :-
a. Text to columns
:- Separate the contents of one excel cell to multiple cells.
Ex:
b. Remove duplicates
:- Delete duplicate rows from a sheet.
c. Data validation
:- Prevent invalid data from being entered into a cell.
d. What if analysis
:-
i.
Goal seek :- Goal seeking is the ability to
calculate backward to obtain an input that would result in a given output.
(or)
We will find the right output when you know the
result you want.
ii.
Data table :- Data table allow you to see the result
of many different possible inputs at the same time.
e. Outline :-
i.
Group :- Tie a range of cells together so that they
can be collapsed or expanded.
ii.
Ungroup :- Ungroup a range of cells that were
previously grouped.
iii.
Subtotal :- Total several rows or related data
together by automatically inserting subtotals.
Review :-
Proofing :-
1. Spelling:- It is
used for check the spelling and grammar mistake of current text document.
2. Research :- It is
used for search through reference materials, Dictionaries and encyclopedias.
3. Thesaurus :-
Suggest other words with a similar meaning to the word you have selected.
4. Translate :- It
is used for translate one language to another language.
Comments :-
1. New comment :- Add a comment for selected cells.
2. Delete comment :-
Delete the selected comment.
Changes :-
1. Protect sheet
:- Protect the sheet using password.
2. Track changes
:- Track the all changes made by document.
View :-
1. Workbook views :-
a. Normal :- View
the document in normal view.
b. Page layout :-
View the document as it will appear on the printed page.
c. Page break
preview :- view a preview of where pages will break when this document is
printed.
d. Full screen :-
View the document in full screen mode.
2. Show / Hide :-
a. Ruler :- Show /
hide the ruler.
b. Gridlines :- Show
the lines between rows and columns in the sheet to make editing and reading
easier.
c. Formula bar :-
Show / hide the formula bar.
d. Headings :- Show
/ hide row and column headings.
3. Zoom :-
a. Zoom :- Specify
the zoom level of the document.
b. 100 % :- zoom the
document to 100% of the document normal size
c. Zoom to
selection:- zoom the worksheet currently selected range of cells fills the
entire window.
4. Window :- .
a. New window :-
Opening a new window of containing view of the current document.
b. Arrange all :-
tile all open program windows side by side on the screen.
c. Freeze Panes :-
keep a portion of the sheet visible while the rest of selected scrolls.
d. Split :- Split
the window into multiple resizable panes containing views of your worksheet.
e. Hide window :-
Hide the current window so that it cannot be seen.
f. Unhide window :-
unhide any windows by hidden by the window feature.
g. View side by side
:- View two worksheets side by side.
h. Synchronous
scrolling :- synchronize the scroll two documents at a time.
i. Save workspace :-
save the current layout of all windows as a workspace so that it can be
restored later.
j. Switch windows :-
switch to different currently opening a
window.
5. Macros :-
a. View macro :-
view the list of macros. We can create , edit, delete the macros.
b. Record macro :-
Start the recording a macro.
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